FAQ

This is because the phase angles are almost 90 degrees apart between the voltage and the current. Since the power is the product of these two almost 90 degrees out of phase sinusoidal waveforms - any phase angle error will result in a much higher error than two sinusoidal signals that are shifted by a much smaller angle. Therefore the phase angle errors in all the instrumentation (Voltage and Current transformers) will contribute far more to errors for low power factors.

If you wan ...

If you operate a 3600 rpm (60 Hz) synchronous generator at 3000 rpm (50 Hz), the power output will be reduced, simply because the mass of the rotor remains constant and you reduce its rotational speed. Based on the laws of physics, kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass and the square of the velocity. Conversely, if you operate a 3000 rpm (50 Hz) generator at 3600 rpm (60 Hz) the power output wi ...

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI, also called radio-frequency interference or RFI when in radio frequency) is a disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source.

All motors create magnetic fields because of the currents passing through the windings - or just because they have strong magnets (permanent magnet designs). Stronger magnets will create stronger fields - which will extend t ...

Allowable current density is not a random choice. It is directly related to the temperature of the conductor and is dependent on the insulation (on the individual strand, on the turn, and on the completed coil), the method and efficiency of the cooling, the heat transfer properties of the surrounding magnetic materials, and the nature of the current itself (AC or DC).

As a really rough approximation, a current density of 3000 ampere / mm^2 equates to something like a temperature ri ...

In a single phase AC motor (at starting) there is only one pulsating field. For the sake of analysis only it could be represented by two rotating fields of equal magnitudes and rotating in opposite directions. If the rotor of this single phase motor is moved by any means, the stator field is still a pulsating field but the rotor induced currents will produce a rotating field and for the sake of analysis this rotating field is added to the component of the stator field rotating in the same dir ...

Motors are sized based on the application requirements.
High starting torque (required for a high inertia load) usually translates into light loading at rated speed and voltage. The driving factor is NOT the efficiency under the loaded condition - it is the ability to start the process in the first place.

Environmental conditions also affect design choices - high ambient temperatures, high altitudes, and presence of hazardous (e.g. combustible or flammable) materials will nece ...

Technically an Inductive Load has the current through it lagging the supply voltage across it by 90° and a Capacitive Load will have the current through it Leading at 90° in Advance of the supply voltage across it.

However, this is where the typical expression is wrong.
When most people mention Inductive or Capacitive Loads, they really imply a Resistive Load, with some element of Inductance or Capacitance. That is why others above, refer to the phase angle as being l ...

If there is no name plate, you won't be able to know the rated voltage too. In that case, you may have to guess the approx. HP depending upon the size of the motor, select appropriate auto transformer and then run at no load by slowly increasing the voltage till it reaches steady state. I am however still not sure if this will give you the correct rated voltage. There are standard ratings of three-phase 380V, 415V & 440V. I do not know if differentiation between these is possible, because ...

ProfiBus is on a 2 wire RS485 platform with different protocol communication layers that actually define ProfiBus. It's widely used in Europe & Asia for industrial applications. Field communication bus, allows you to enhance the number of devices controlled by for example a PLC. It can be described as a serial network were every device connected to it has an ID number, and a range of inputs and outputs, these ranges are normally defined when creating your hardware configuration, and the d ...

When we say control the first thing comes in theory or practical is that it should have a low value of noise which is apparently achieved by DC.
- 24V is far safer limit than compared to higher values 115V AC.
- 24V DC is more resistant to control circuit drop out caused by high inrush using contactors used for starting motors or any capacitive load as well.
- Modern day electronics can now be operated at lesser voltage, Optos, relays, improving efficiency of the system and l ...

Loops can be:
4÷20mA 2÷10V
2÷10mA 1÷5V
0÷20mA 0÷10V
0÷10mA 0÷5V

For example if we have a 4 ÷ 20mA loop, it will have a range of 20mA - 4mA = 16mA. This is domain.

By convention 4mA is the lower limit (LL = Low Limit) and 20mA upper limit (High Limit = HL), the rest of the field values are intermediate states (points).

How can we force the lower limit, quite simply, send 3 ...